African Authors And The African Diaspora - 1455 Words

Anglophone Literature – Long Paper 1 African Authors and the African diaspora in the Colonist Countries This paper explores and analyses the ways in which African writers portray the African diaspora living outside of Africa in the colonial nations; of which England and France would be primary examples. The primary sources for the analyses focus on the text Our Sister Killjoy by Aidoo. House of Hunger by Marechera has been used as a secondary reference. The paper presents the various reactions highlighted in the works, and then seeks to analyse and argue for possible reasons for the presented reactions, touches upon the theme of African nativism, and most importantly analyses colonial power structures that still dominate the discourse in and about Africa. The following paragraph presents some illustrations of the reactions towards the English African diaspora characterised by Aidoo’s work. There is a consistent stream of curt, judgemental remarks, almost resembling disdain, that runs through the work; criticising, and at some point, strongly condemning the African diaspora. Throughout Sissy’s travels through Europe, and particularly through England, she is critical of the conditions, choices, and lifestyles of the local African diaspora. The paper highlights and explores these instances. At certain points through her travels through England, Aidoo uses vivid remarks to describe the poverty-stricken nature of the African diaspora in London; she mentions that their shoesShow MoreRelatedExploring The Similarities And Differences Theories On Diaspora1727 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the Similarities and Differences in Theories on Diaspora Jacqueline Brown describes a conversation she had with a cousin of hers during a family reunion. She asked her cousin, who was in her sixties, to describe what her life was like as a black person living in Holland. Her cousin’s shocking reply implied that the migration of poor and uneducated post-independence Surinamers caused the Dutch racism against the Black people among them. Her cousin, who had migrated before Surinam becameRead MoreThe Black Atlantic : Modernity And Double Consciousness1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book titled, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, author David Gilroy, focused on the issue of modernity through the various experiences of Africans across various locations such as Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe. Gilroy also highlighted many intellectual contributors to the discussion, which included Fredrick Douglas, Donald Byrd, W.E.B. DuBois and Richard Wright. His approach to the diaspora study differed from the typical, but did incorporate personal stories from thoseRead MoreGeorge Reid Andrews Afro Latin America1584 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact in Central and Latin America, thus the greater impact of blacks in Central and Latin America would be the main theme or argument of this paper. This book, Afro-Latin America by George Reid, is the first attempt to focus on this side of the African Diaspora. With remarkable skill George Reid Andrews has woven the history of people who came from Africa to South America – broadly speaking. He traces their path from slavery to freedom and how this in turn left its stamp on the politics, economics andRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pages Anambra a Igbo village in Nigeria. Achebe is the first author that illustrates the European colonization from the viewpoint of an African in his novel, Things fall Apart. The novels Achebe writes addresses the issues facing Nigeria in the 1890’s. The main issue in this novel is the cl ash between the traditions and culture of the native Umuofians and the forceful colonization of the missionaries. One of the main points in African Diaspora is to discuss the effects of European colonization aroundRead MoreThe Colonialism Effect Of Africa1002 Words   |  5 PagesUniquely enough, the major problems seeded from colonialism had gradually disrupted the progression of billions of Africans living in various societies. As functional as these societies were within their communities would create a broad relationship with the world. Undoubtedly, the historical record had rendered the true origins of African roots into a complicated past. The modern diaspora creates an idea of an ‘imaginative’ prospect due to oral stories; the sense of lost belonging. The complexity ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Tell My Horse By Zora Neale Hurston1476 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy this religion, Hurston hoped to expand research upon the subtle nuances within the African diaspora and incr ease the people of Caribbean’s acceptance of their African identity. In doing so, Hurtson found her research discouraged the idea of Pancaribbeanism and diminished stereotypes of Vodoun being a religion based upon only evil possession and pagan sacrifice. As an up and coming African American author in the Harlem Renaissance, Hurston accomplished major feats against the societal norm. HoweverRead MoreAnalysis Of Joel A. Rogers1190 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 6,1883 in Negril, Jamaica. Rogers was a journalist and Historian, who spent most of his career and life writing about black diaspora in the United States. Joel A. Rogers greatest achievement was his writing on racist depictions on people of black ancestry, which acknowledge the history of black people in America and around the world. Rogers worked for many African American newspapers where he published 100 Amazing Facts About the Negro (1934), Crisis:The Suppression of Negro History (1940),Read MoreBlack Studies As An Academic Discipline932 Words   |  4 Pagesof Black Studies as an academic discipline, the culture and influence of white dependency still seem to block people of color’s mental potential, and inherently their ability to progress as a group. Abstract: Since the Transatlantic Slave Trade, African Americans have been dependent upon those of fairer complexions to educate them about the culture and history of their own people. Unfortunately, the trip over to the Americas caused them to lose touch with several parts of their being; native tonguesRead MorePan Africanism1731 Words   |  7 PagesPan-Africanism and the Organization of African Unity      Pan Africanism Definition Pan-Africanism is a sociopolitical worldview, and philosophy, as well as a movement, which seeks to unify both native Africans and those of the African Diaspora, as part of a global African community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan AfricanismRead MoreWhy Development Aid For Africa Has Failed876 Words   |  4 PagesFor Africa Has Failed. It is written by Kurt Gerhardt who was a journalist on German radio from 1968 until 2008. He was a Country Director for the German Development Service in Niger so has first hand experience of the problems facing impoverished African countries. Additionally Gerhardt was the founder and is the current chairman of Makaranta; an association aimed at providing education to Africa which has so far helped develop primary education initiatives in Niger and Uganda since its formation

Considerations in Casino Design Essay - 695 Words

Considerations in Casino Design â€Å" Architecture organizes and structures space for us, and its interiors and the objects enclosing and inhabiting its rooms can facilitate or inhibit our activities by the way they use this language†(Lawson pg.6). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Casinos are tough and competitive markets that strive to out do one another in promotions, amenities and overall design. A critical analysis of the considerations taken when designing a casino can be broken down into the theoretical forces of psychology, that include motivational, cognitive, perceptual and social influences. In this examination I will determine the aspects of design that should be taken into account to create a successful operation. â€Å" Casinos are†¦show more content†¦By providing them with twenty-four hour services and amenities, casino operators create a sensation for the patrons that the days spent in the casino feel as if you stepped out of normal time. â€Å"The geographic location of a casino is a huge consideration† (Lewis pg. 1). Demographics, travel patterns and nearby competition play a significant part in casino design. â€Å" Most people in North America live within a day’s drive of one or more gaming areas† (Lewis pg. 1), so in order to attract people to the casino there must be something other than the gaming floor to draw them in. Many amenity and non-gaming attractions must be considered in order to really stand out. The casino must design strong support facilities, a hotel that can accommodate as many players as it can afford, a parking system for the traveling patrons, non-gambling facilities for families and it must be an inviting space. In order for a casino to be successful they must establish their target audience. Based on the proximity of neighboring casinos and the owner’s intentions for their ideal gaming facility, the criteria can be ascertained and implemented for a certain theme. Many casinos have found that themed areas and designs are very successful and draw in target markets. Patrons cognitively decide, generally based on pure aesthetics where they areShow MoreRelatedHow Online Gambling Is The Legal And Development Insights Right Here Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pages before you consider creating a betting website or hiring a gambling website development company to do the job for you, you should familiarize yourself with all the ins and outs of the industry, especially when it comes to legal matters. Online Casino: Where Is It Legal? Current US laws currently state that online gambling permits are issued on the state level. Nevada, Delaware and New Jersey have already begun issuing official gambling license for its residents. If you reside outside the USRead Moreâ€Å"Harrah’s Entertainment Inc.† by Rajiv Lal1393 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance allowing for Harrah’s to gain a leading market position. - Harrah’s national presence with a network of 26 casino locations in all â€Å"traditional† and most of the new U.S. casino markets across 13 states, including land-based, dockside, riverboat, and Indian casino facilities. - First-mover advantage: William Fisk Harrah was the first to industrialize gambling with the casino operation in Reno, NV dating back as far as 1937. Additionally, Harrah’s was among the first companies to set up facilitiesRead MoreKeyword : Best Online Casino Practices1004 Words   |  5 PagesOnline Casino Practices Play unlimited number of free games at casinos that are known or its Best Online Casino Practices. Best Online Casino Practices Everyone enjoys playing at sites that deploy best online casino practices. It is not just the games, bonuses and perks that attract new customers and retain existing ones. There are certain other factors that need to be taken into consideration by casinos in case they intend to woo customers and make them feel delighted. Every popular casino makesRead MoreBlog 25 - The History Of Online Casino1750 Words   |  7 PagesBlog 25 – The history of online casino portals The online casino industry is always looking to make things easier for the players that it works to service. Through increased innovation online casinos on an individual basis have never been any easier to use. While there is no denying that the industry is working wonders to build upon its longstanding foundations, it can still be a complicated landscape to navigate through. From promotions to payouts, the industry is growing at an extremely quickRead MoreWebsite On Online Casino Bonuses1723 Words   |  7 PagesBlog 10 – The big guide to online casino bonus types They are plastered all over the Internet, with there seemingly being an online casino portal for each and every occasion. These websites are more popular than ever, with players around the globe working hard to unlock their true potential. This potential largely relates to online casino bonuses and how available they have become in today’s society. These bonuses are the great playing incentive that most players had been waiting for, with theirRead MoreHuman Resource Management And An Organization Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pageshow to recruit new staff members. They identify the best criteria to be used during recruitment and design questions to be used during interviews. Human resource management department sets up the responsibilities for individuals to be recruited. Basing on the facts, the contract is also prepared for the newly recruited staff member (Stewart, Brown, 2012, 101). Aruba Marriott Resort Stellaris Casino is one of the largest hotels in the world. The only reason behind Aruba Marriott Resort StellarisRead MoreCase Study : Mgm Grand Faces1282 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Officer for MGM Resort International. The recommendations will then work their way down the executive parties by branching off into each subsidiary branch and their individual human resource structures getting to Robert H Baldwin, chief design of construction officer, then lastly Rose McKinney- James, director of policy in public affairs. MGM Grand and International will then take the necessary steps to implement the recommendations to each of the brands that make up MGM. Crisis ManagementRead MoreThe Peninsular Oriental Steam Navigation Company1720 Words   |  7 Pagesmany exotic places such as Madagascar and Antarctica. Arguably, the biggest change in the cruise industry is the design and construction of the cruise ships themselves. Onboard Then and Now In the past, most cruise ships had few recreational, culinary and leisure facilities for the passengers to use and enjoy. They may contain one or two swimming pools, a casino and a library. The casino will have a limited number of slot machines and gambling tables. These cruise ships may also offer lessons on bridgeRead MoreOperation Management at Hard Rock Cafe Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pagesstaff of bartenders, kitchen and wait staff, hostesses, and retail clerks is done based off of tracking sales. When planning the schedule, they look at the prior year’s sales and the trends for the last couple of weeks. They will also take into consideration any events that may be planned in the area during the time frame. The collection of over 60,000 pieces of rock ‘n’ roll memorabilia is a major draw for the customers. 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A Feminist Interpretation of Bram Stokers Dracula Essay

In his Literary Theory: The Basics, H. Bertens classifies stereotypes of women in literature into a number of categories; dangerous seductress, self-sacrificing angel, dissatisfied shrew, and defenseless lamb, completely incapable of self-sufficiency, or self-control, and dependent on male intervention. Bertens concludes that the primary objective of these women – or â€Å"constructions† – is to serve a â€Å"not-so-hidden purpose: the continued cultural and social domination of males†. One such novel that came under feminist scrutiny for these particular reasons was Bram Stoker’s Dracula, although this perlustration didn’t occur until 70 years after Stoker originally penned his masterpiece. However, during the mid-1960s, the rise of the feminist†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it becomes quite obvious that Dracula’s wives are never really considered as â€Å"beings† but rather objects; the objectification of women was one of the main criticisms that arose from a feminist analysis of many popular texts like Dracula. Arguably, Dracula’s wives are guilty of another of Bertens’ proposed stereotypes, that of utter dependence on man. They rely on Count Dracula to bring them their food, and therefore without him they would presumably die. This seems to reflect the well-established idea of public and private â€Å"spheres† that pervaded so much of Victorian domestic life. In this system, the woman was effectively condemned to the role of homemaker, while the man became the breadwinner. The inability of Dracula’s wives to resist feeding on Jonathan when he falls asleep in the study could also reflect on the – once again, Victorian idea – that women were too hysterical and so inept at keeping control of themselves that they were unfit for a vast range of careers. However, while Stoker does indubitably include these stereotypes in his work, it does not necessarily mean that he agrees with them. For example, after Lucy’s conversion, she proves herself to be just as able as Dracula to steal and feed on infants in the dead of night, in a reasonably discrete fashion. Through this, Stoker could be implying that he is satisfactorily aware of perceived stereotypes regarding women, but is choosing to contend with popular opinion byShow MoreRelatedLiterary Review of Bram Stokers Dracula Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesReview of Bram Stoker’s Dracula Prior to the creation of the literary classic â€Å"Dracula†, Bram Stoker spent his time managing the Lyceum Theatre and legendary actor Henry Irving. According to Jennifer Dorn, when the novel was first published in 1897, critics regarded it as a â€Å"pulp fiction potboiler† (Dorn). The novels declaration as a literary masterpiece came many years later. A graduate of Trinity college, Stoker came from a middle class Irish family, the son of a civil servant. The publicationRead MoreVampires : Myth And Metaphors Of Enduring Evil, By Bram Stoker1307 Words   |  6 Pages Feminism was frowned upon because of the social and sexual standards of the era. Therefore, Bram Stoker withholds his opinions of feminism in Dracula, because it is something that should not be discussed. Society did not approve of female sexuality in particular because it encouraged the new women. The new woman was a term used to characterize what women would become with a feminist mindset. In Dracula , Mina mentions the new women and says, â€Å"I believe we should have shocked the New Woman withRead MoreVictorian Women And Feminism In Bram Stokers Dracula1979 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Monstrous women do not adhere to standards† (Swartz-Levine). The late Victorian era demonstrates the unfamiliar social shift in society. Depictions of traditional Victorian woman’s standards can be seen as sexist, as the new crowd of feminist emerges. Feminism explores the double standard of projecting sexual desires to society, however, the women who accompanied these uncommon ideas, were often seen as some sort of monster. From this, anxiety was displaced around women who seeked sexuality as itRead More Sex and Sexuality in Dracula Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesBram Stokers novel Dracula, published in 1897, explores various sexual erotic possibilities in the vampires embrace, as discussed by Leonard Wolf. The novel confronts Victorian fears of homosexuality; that were current at the time due to the trial of playwright Oscar Wilde. The vampires embrace could also be interpreted as an illustration of Victorian fears of the changing role of women. Therefore it is important to consider: the historical context of the novel; the Victorian notion of the `NewRead MoreDracula And The New Woman1992 Words   |  8 PagesDracula and the New Woman In the Victorian era, women were viewed as subordinate to men. They often had one job: reproduction. They would become housewives and cater to their husband and children’s needs. As the era progressed, so did the role of women. The once shy women were now changing into courageous and outspoken members of society. These women were open about their sexuality and embraced their intelligence. This new found independence was a turning moment in history and was given the nameRead MoreEssay on The Bloody Chamber3593 Words   |  15 Pages‘The role of women in the gothic genre is as victims always subjected to male authority’, compare and contrast to which this interpretation is relevant to your three chosen texts. By Kristina Addis Within My Last Duchess, The Bloody Chamber and Dracula, there is evidence to suggest that women within the gothic genre as portrayed as victims of male authority, as well as evidence to disprove this argument, instead suggesting that it is the women within the Gothic genre which makes themselvesRead MoreThe Vampire Is Not A New Manifestation Of The Fears Of A Society1815 Words   |  8 Pagesrepresentations of the creature in literature date back to the English poetry of the early 1700s, and were then followed in the fiction genre by such works as John William Polidori’s The Vampyre, Sheridan Le Fanu’s Carmilla, and of course, Bram Stoker’s Dracula. For the audiences of the 18th century, vampires embodied many of the following common fears shared between the people: of illness, both mental and epidemic, of an embraced sexuality, particularly that of women’s and homosexuals’, and of foreigners

Health Issues in Gerontological Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Health Issues in Gerontological Nursing. Answer: Overall decline in function, cognitive impairment, aging-associated chronic diseases and poor balance are the major reasons of falls in the elderly. The road to recovery due to falls among the elderly ?65 years of age is difficult and ridden with problems is a significant burden on the health and social care facilities. The economic and man power costs are huge and avoidable to some extent. Therefore special focus is required on the prevention of falls. Identification of the factors that make the elderly vulnerable to falls and the treatment of co-morbidities that heighten the risk of falls can reduce the incidence of falls among the elderly. From minor injuries to major injuries, such as, fractures that require surgeries and physical rehabilitation or traumatic brain injury that can be fatal, falls my require intensive medical treatment for several weeks or months. Some patients may remain disabled and become dependent on care givers. The psychological impact of falls can also make the elderly hesitant in moving out and this can lower their quality of life. Fall prevention programs focus on minimising injury and improving balance. Improvement in balance is usually brought about by exercise programs. Nursing staff has to be more cautious in dealing with patients in the geriatric ward. They can play an important role in counselling patients and their care givers on ways to prevent further falls t the time of discharge. Precaution is usually the key factor. The economic burden of treating fall related injuries among the elderly is considerable. Longer hospital stays strain the health and social care resources, so prevention of falls is key to their management. As people age beyond 65, the propensity to fall may increase due to lack of balance when performing everyday tasks, due to frailty or some other health concern that has occurred as a result of aging. A fall can result in injury and fractures that can lead to orthopaedic surgeries and require hospital stays and physiotherapy. According to available statistics about 30% of people aged over 65 years of age have experienced a fall. One in 10 falls results in a fracture and one in 5 falls requires some medical intervention(Gillespie, et al., 2012). In hospitals 1.3 to 8.9 falls are reported for 1000 bed days. This amounts to about 1000 falls a year in a large hospital. Wards that specialize in geriatrics, neurology and rehabilitation are more likely to report falls. Although, on the whole, the several incidents of fall go unnoticed, many due to poor recall by elderly patients(Miake-Lye, Hempel, Ganz, Shekelle, 2013). A study reports that 60.2% of reported falls among the elderly occur at home while 21.7% falls are reported from residential institutions (Faul, et al., 2016). Not only do falls prolong the stay of elderly patients in hospitals, costs incurred from falls increase the health care expenditure by 0.85% to 1.5% according to estimates in the United States, the European Union, Australia and United Kingdom (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015). It is estimated that exercise-based fall prevention exercise programs in the elderly who have experienced a fall can reduce the incidence of falls by about 42% (Gawler, et al., 2016). The impact of falls on the elderly can vary from minor injuries that cause pain, require an ice pack, wound dressing, limb elevation, pain medication and other medications to more severe injuries. Moderate impact of a fall could require suturing or splintering. Major injuries following a fall may include surgery, traction or casting. Some injuries may need a neurologic exam due to altered level of consciousness. Physical restraint may also result following a fall incident. The most severe impact of fall is that it might cause a fatality (Shorr, et al., 2012). The severity of the injury affects the quality of life of the patient. The ability to self-care declines among the elderly on experiencing fall. Their ability to participate in social and physical activities is compromised. About 20% to 39% people may develop a fear of falling which further reduces their quality of life and they begin to exercise restraint on movement (Phelan, Mahoney, Voit, Stevens, 2015). Rate of injury is hi gher for people who are more aged. The impact of falls is not confined to physical suffering but results in considerable mental agony. Due to the fear of fall the elderly restrict their ambulatory movements and this causes them distress. Many of them feel depressed. They begin to lose social contacts and tend to remain isolated which adds to their sense of misery. The loss of confidence makes them dependent on family members or the nursing staff for even small movements, from the bed to chair, or from one room to another. Traumatic brain injury among the elderly is caused due to falls in 51% of the cases among the elderly and can even be fatal in several cases. Hailing from an ethnic minority and being male heightens risk of traumatic brain injury. Age- related co-morbidities often play a role in increasing the risk of falls and subsequent brain injury in the elderly (Thompson, McCormick, Kagan, 2006). The impact of falls and injuries on the health care system is considerable. The cost of treatment of injuries is high and it prolongs the hospital stay of the patient. According to one study an average expenditure of $13,316 is incurred on treatment of the severe injuries and the patients who suffered from a fall injury were likely to stay in the hospital for a duration of 6.3 days more than the control group(Wong, et al., 2011). Operational costs incurred are higher for hospitals due to incidents of fall. An Australian study points out that the injuries incurred as a result of falls during the hospital stay caused the length of hospital stay to increase by 8 days and the hospital costs were an additional $6669. Additional costs incurred by the hospital were mean of $4727 per case of fall injury (Morello, et al., 2015). This necessitates the prevention of fall prevention program and minimising injury during a fall. The burden of the fall related injuries on the health and social care systems is immense due to the increase in the demand for the man hours of work required by the care giving and nursing staff. Several factors contribute to the falls in the elderly. The elderly who live alone are more likely to experience fall than those who live with other family members or are living in a community for the elderly or residential care facility. Some of the elderly who are using a lower limb prosthesis or other assistive devices are also more likely to fall. Environmental factors that can contribute to a fall include a cluttered living space, weather conditions that cause wet floors or deposition of ice on the walking surface. Dim lighting of the residential spaces can cause falls. If the flooring material in the bath or the shower is not the anti-skid variety, falls due to slipping can occur. If the living space is new and the environment is unfamiliar the elderly are likely to falter while moving or collide with unfamiliar objects when moving. If the space is dimly lit, the likelihood of falls is increased because obstructions cannot be seen by the elderly whose vision may be failing and weak eye sight is a common problem with the elderly. Feet, footwear and walking sticks may get entangled in throw rugs in the living area increasing the risk of falls. Use of alcohol or drugs can increase the risk of falls among the elderly. Physiological factors that increase the propensity to fall include acute illness, drastic alterations in blood sugar levels, weakness due to anaemia, arthritis, less strength in the lower limbs, problems with foot health can cause reduced grip and a difficult gait. An episode of diarrhoea can render the elderly weak and prone to falls. Many elderly feel faint when trying to extend or turn the neck. They have difficulties with hearing, poor balance, general physical mobility is compromised and they may be suffering from incontinence. Urinary urgency may cause them to rush with movement causing a fall. Insomnia may compromise their level of alertness when walking, neuropathy, postoperative recuperation and orthostatic hypotension, visual difficulties and change in cognitive functions are factors that heighten the risk of falls. Obesity, elevated abdominal perimeter, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and dizziness when walking add to the risk of falling. Vitamin D deficiency, frailt y, and metabolic syndrome are also contributing factors (Sousa, et al., 2016). Psychological factors, such as, fear of falling, depression and anxiety play a role in making the elderly prone to falls. Socio-economic factors, such as, lack of education, low economic status and belonging to a black or an ethnic minority can contribute to the chances of a fall. At times the elderly have difficulty using public transport systems and this can put them at a high risk (Kumar A, 2014). Difficulty in rising from a chair without support makes the elderly falter. A general decline in mobility is often observed. The elderly with fear of falling and sensory decline are reported to be 5 times more likely to fall (Viljanen, et al., 2012). Fear of falls leads to self imposed restriction of physical activity among the elderly and decreases their quality of life considerably (Allison, Painter, Emory, Whitehurst, Raby, 2013). Low confidence due to lack of balance and improper pain rehabilitation cont ribute to increased fear of fall in the elderly. Alleviation of pain therapy may help them to reduce the fear of falls (Stubbs, West, Patchay, Schofield, 2014). Prevention strategies aimed at reducing falls include exercises that improve balance and allow the elderly to move within their surroundings. But more research is required to determine the kind of exercise, the duration of workout and the type of exercise that will suit the individual needs of a patient. Tai Chi is known to improve balance among the elderly (El-Khoury, Cassou, Charles, Dargent-Molina, 2013). A fall prevention program aims to reduce the environmental hazards and provision of training paths. Use of walking stick, support rails wherever possible can help them to remain mobile and reduce the risk of falls. Use of bedrails, alarm devices that track movement, increased assistance, low beds, provision of hip protectors, calcium and vitamin D supplements and fall assessment are strategies that help in prevention of falls. Depending on the needs of the patient group or solitary exercises are planned. In a South Korean study a comparison was made between functional walking ex ercise and exercises that focus on in-balance based on Tai Chi, it was found that fewer falls were reported by the group that performed Ti Chi based exercises. But frailty accounted for increase in the possibility of a fall (Faber, Bosscher, Chin A Paw, van Wieringen, 2006). Fall prevention programs have been designed to include advice for individuals, information leaflets, regular home visits and an exercise program. Compared to the control group, the group that received a multifactorial fall prevention intervention reported a significant reduction in the number of falls (Prula LA, et al., 2012). The importance of exercise alone has been found to be more effective than a multifactorial intervention by two studies that involved the elderly living in community dwellings (Petridou, et al., 2009; Kuptniratsaikul, et al., 2011). Inclusion of balancing exercises in the fall prevention program has been found to lower the incidence of falls in persons who have experienced falls earlier an d has improved the overall quality of life in the elderly (Kuptniratsaikul, et al., 2011). In the light of the above studies, a nurse should ensure that the patient enrols in an exercise program after discharge from the hospital. Weekly follow-ups will ensure that the patient adheres to the prescribed program. The use of walking sticks and holding rails will help the patient to remain mobile and improve self-efficacy. The treatment of pain can increase the confidence of the elderly and their fear of fall can be managed to some extent and help them to engage in physical activity with greater confidence and improve their overall quality of life. Pain rehabilitation forms an important aspect of fall prevention in the elderly. In conclusion, falls among the elderly are a preventable malady. The physical, psychological and financial burden of falls on the patients and their families is immense. Falls can result in minor injuries, moderate injuries and result in fractures. Hip fractures are a common outcome of falls and require surgery and a long stay in the hospital. Cluttered living environments with poor light can increase the risk of falls. The general physical and psychological health of the patient are important contributors to the possibility of fall related injuries among the aged. Poor balance can be improved with exercise, the efficacy of Tai Ichi is proven in improving balance. Socio-economic factors and the quality of dwelling can affect the chances of fall. Most of the elderly who have experienced fall suffer from the falling and restrict physical mobility and compromise their quality of life. Many among the elderly remain depressed due to the fear of falling. It is the responsibility of a nurse to counsel patients at the time of discharge and educate them about fall prevention. References Allison, L., Painter, J., Emory, A., Whitehurst, P., Raby, A. (2013). Participation restriction, not fear of falling, predicts actual balance and mobility abilities in rural community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 36(1):13-23. Cangany, M., Back, D., Hamilton-Kelly, T., Altman, M., Lacey, S. (2015). Bedside nurses leading the way for falls prevention: an evidence-based approach. Critical Care Nurse, 35(2):82-4. El-Khoury, F., Cassou, B., Charles, M., Dargent-Molina, P. (2013). The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 347, f6234. Faber, M., Bosscher, R., Chin A Paw, M., van Wieringen, P. (2006). Effects of exercise programs on falls and mobility in frail and pre-frail older adults: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87(7), 885-96. Faul, M., Stevens, J., Sasser, S., Alee, L., Deokar, A., Kuhls, D., Burke, P. (2016). Older Adult Falls Seen by Emergency Medical Service Providers: A Prevention Opportunity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(6):719-26. Gawler, S., Skelton, D., Dinan-Young, S., Masud, T., Morris, R., Griffin, M., . . . team., P. (2016). Reducing falls among older people in general practice: The ProAct65+ exercise intervention trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 67:46-54. Gillespie, L., Robertson, M., Gillespie, W., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L., Lamb, S. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. The Cochrane database of Systematic Reviews, 12(9), 12;(9):CD007146. Kumar A, C. H. (2014). Which factors are associated with fear of falling in community-dwelling older people? Age Ageing, 43(1):76-84. Kuptniratsaikul, V., Praditsuwan, R., Assantachai, P., Ploypetch, T., Udompunturak, S., Pooliam, J. (2011). Effectiveness of simple balancing training program in elderly patients with history of frequent falls. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 6, 111-117. Miake-Lye, I., Hempel, S., Ganz, D., Shekelle, P. (2013). Making Health Care Safer II: An Updated Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Patient Safety Practices. 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Medication Error free essay sample

Providing care for the patient is the responsibility of nurses. Nurses are the one who are close with patients. They are responsible and accountable to make sure that the treatments and needs of patient are fulfilled. Medication administration is a part of the nurses’ responsibility in order to make sure clients get the correct medication as supposed. Medication administration error is a universal health care concern. Thus the strategy in improving medication administration system is important to enhance safety. The administration of medication by nurses is the final step in a process that involves multiple steps carried out by a number of health professionals (medical practitioners, pharmacists and registered nurses). The accuracy, efficiency and safety of administration of medications rest primarily with nurses. Administer medication is the most common activities that cause errors, in part because of the finding of new medical devices and new drug products that available to fulfill the demand in health care setting. We will write a custom essay sample on Medication Error or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus to prevent medication administration error, six rights should be main concern for the nurses in giving medication. There are many type of medical error that leads to injury and may jeopardize patient’s safety. According to Hughes and Ortiz (2005) the most common type of medical error that happen universally is medication error. Senior citizens are at the highest risk of being affected by this type of errors, since they are the largest consumers of medication (New Tech Media, 2006). However, this is especially true in regards to medication errors.