Important Symbols in The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie essa

Significant Symbols in The Glass Menagerie   â â â In his play The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams utilizes a large number of images. From these images, there comes a more profound comprehension of the connections between the play's four characters. The most evident image in this play is Laura's glass zoological display, speaking to the world she lives in. Another common image is that of the emergency exit. Outside the emergency exit is the ballroom, an image for the truth of the outside world. Candles and rainbows are regularly referenced in the play and convey an assortment of implications. Every image is a solid replacement used to communicate a specific subject, thought, or character. One of the most clear images in this play is Laura's glass zoological garden. The glass zoological display is the thing that keeps Laura involved; it's the world she lives in. It is a portrayal of Laura's family, a portrayal of their confinement from the remainder of the world. The Wingfields exist in a different world, Tom lives in his fantasies, Amanda lives before and Laura lives in her universe of glass creatures. When Jim enters the fanciful universe of the Wingfields, he can remember portions of his secondary school brilliance. Anyway he can onl... ...5 March 2000. 15 March 2000 *http://hipp.gator.net/glass_alligator_review.html*. Kahn, Sy. Present day American Drama: Essays in Criticism. Altered by Willima E. Taylor. Deland, Florida. Everette/Edwards Inc., 1968. 71-88 Kapcsos, Kristal. The Glass Menagerie. Online posting. 13 Nov. 2000. The Glass Menagerie 21 Nov. 2000 *http://www.mccnic.mohave.az.us/wcb/schools/NMC/dl/dtimpson/1/discussions/forum12/me.../26.html*. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Writing, Thinking. fifth ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford, 1999. 1865-1900 Â

How to Ace the SAT 6 Expert Tips and Strategies

Step by step instructions to Ace the SAT 6 Expert Tips and Strategies SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On the off chance that you need a top SAT score, you need in excess of a longing to succeed. Assurance and difficult work are two imperative elements for acing the SAT, yet additionally you have to utilize compelling investigation methodologies to assist you with arriving at your objective. I've helped many understudies get ready for the SAT, and I realize the best strategies to use to overcome this test. In this article, I'll clarify precisely howto expert the SAT, includinghow long you have to contemplate, the best SAT prep systems, and key test-taking tips. What Is Acing the SAT? For the reasons for this article, acing the SAT alludes to getting a score over a 1400. Getting this score will make you serious for admission to most by far of schools, and dependent on past outcomes, in the event that you get a score higher than 1400, you’ll likely score better than 95% of understudies who take the SAT. To get this score, you’ll just have the option to miss a bunch of inquiries on each segment. Nonetheless, for the most specific universities, you may require a score of 1550 or higher for your SAT score to help your odds of getting in. Contingent upon your school objectives, make sense of your objective score and what a decent score would be for you. Whether or not you’re focusing on a 1400 or a 1600, in the event that you follow the guidance in this article, you’ll be on the way to progress. On the off chance that you’re taking a stab at a 1000-1300, you might need to concentrate on our posts about improving your Math, Reading, and Writing scores. To what extent Do You Need to Study to Ace the SAT? Frequently, this is one of the primary inquiries understudies need to know. Basically, the appropriate response relies upon your beginning stage and your objective score. The amount you have to improve will decide the amount you have to concentrate to accomplish your objective. In the event that you haven’t taken the SAT at this point, take an official practice test reenacting genuine testing conditions to figure out where you’re at and the amount you have to improve. Here’s an unpleasant gauge of to what extent you’ll need to contemplate dependent on what number of focuses you have to arrive at your objective: 0-30 point improvement: 10 hours 30-70 point improvement: 20 hours 70-130 point improvement: 40 hours 130-200 point improvement: 80 hours 200-330 point improvement: 150 hours + Skill long you have to examine. Acing the SAT: Best Ways to Study You don’t simply need to place in the important hours to expert the SAT; you have to concentrate productively. Whether or not you’re utilizing test prep books, you have a mentor, or you take a SAT prep class, you ought to join these practices into your SAT considering. #1: Use Official Practice Questions The best inquiries to concentrate from are those that will most intently look like the inquiries that show up on the SAT. The SAT is not normal for tests you've taken in school, and its organization is special. The more agreeable you get with accurately addressing the kinds of inquiries that will be on the SAT, the better you're probably going to do on the test. A colossal blemish of many test prep books is that their training questions are either a lot harder or a lot simpler than those you’ll find on the SAT. Additionally, a few books present inquiries in an unexpected arrangement in comparison to that of the SAT. Rather than depending on those sources to plan, you should concentrate on concentrating with legitimate practice issues. The best investigation assets are authentic practice tests gave by the College Board. Likewise, Khan Academy has cooperated with the College Board and gives extra authority practice questions. Besides, the authority PSAT practice test has quality practice questions. In the event that you’re searching for an online prep program, the PrepScholar SAT prep program has a large number of sensible practice questions made by SAT specialists. Utilize genuine SAT inquiries in your prep. Need to get familiar with the SAT yet burnt out on perusing blog articles? At that point you'll cherish our free, SAT prep livestreams. Structured and driven by PrepScholar SAT specialists, these live video occasions are an incredible asset for understudies and guardians hoping to get familiar with the SAT and SAT prep. Snap on the catch underneath to enroll for one of our livestreams today! #2: Focus on Your Weaknesses and Analyze Your Mistakes You’ll utilize your investigation time by concentrating on why you’re missing inquiries and attempting to improve your shortcomings. On the off chance that you simply do a huge amount of training questions, yet you don’t stop to make sense of why you’re misunderstanding questions, your score won’t improve a lot. In the event that you need to expert the SAT, you’ll have no place for blunder. You’ll need to see each sort of inquiry and have the option to complete each segment in the distributed time. For each training test or question set you do, mark each question that you’re even 20% uncertain about. At that point, when you’re investigating, altogether look at each question you got inaccurate or speculated on. Ensure you see how to effectively address the inquiry and what you didn’t handle or fouled up. Monitor these inquiries with explicit notes about what you have to improve. Make sense of precisely why you misunderstood inquiries. Be as explicit as could reasonably be expected. These are the significant regions you may need to improve. Content Once more, to pro the SAT, you have to altogether see the entirety of the basic points that are tried on the SAT. The SAT tests you on various ideas identified with perusing, composing, and math. By distinguishing the particular sorts of inquiries you get off-base, you can recognize the points you have to learn better. For instance, on Math, you may see that you’re missing inquiries identified with quadratic capacities. On Writing, you might be experiencing issues with questions that manage sentence and passage request. When you analyze your substance shortcomings, study the substance. We have articles on this blog identified with each sort of inquiry. Once you’ve become increasingly acquainted with the substance, do a huge amount of related practice questions and see how to effectively respond to each training question. Realize where you're powerless. Time Regardless of whether you comprehend SAT substance and how to do each address, you may battle completing segments in the apportioned time. In case you're completing areas with over five minutes remaining and committing imprudent errors, at that point you're surging. In the event that you’re hurrying, all you may need to do is delayed down and perused the inquiries all the more cautiously. On the off chance that you’re experiencing difficulty completing inquiries on schedule, screen your time spent per question during your training. Likewise, you may speed up as you improve your substance information. At long last, you might have the option to better your time the executives by embracing quality test-taking techniques. For Reading and Writing, you have to make sense of the most proficient route for you to peruse the entries to amplify your score. Drill your methodology in your test prep so that you’re OK with it. For Math, remember all recipes you may need to know. System A few understudies are OK with the substance and don’t have issues with time the executives, however they’re as yet missing inquiries. Normally, this happens on account of an absence of comprehension of SAT system. On the off chance that you capitulate to basic SAT stunts, at that point you likely need to improve your insight into SAT procedure. For instance, on the off chance that you realize the language decides that are tried on SAT Writing yet you’re missing inquiries on the grounds that you’re not perusing the entire sentence, you have to take a shot at your SAT system. System blunders happen when you comprehend the substance that’s being tried, yet you have to improve your methodology or comprehension of the inquiries. Acing the SAT: Top Test-Taking Tips Following these tips will assist you with staying away from technique blunders and empower you to accurately address addresses all the more rapidly and proficiently. Try to utilize these tips when taking practice tests so they become a standard propensity for you. #1: Answer Every Question Before the updated SAT was presented in March 2016, erroneous answers were punished. Presently, there's no punishment for erroneous answers, so it's to your greatest advantage to respond to each and every inquiry. Regardless of whether you do not understand, you should figure, since you have a 25% possibility of haphazardly picking the right answer on the numerous decision questions. This is additionally why it's critical to have great time the executives to guarantee that you're ready to finish each segment and have a chance to respond to the entirety of the inquiries. In case you're using up all available time and realize you won't get as far as possible of the segment, you should at present fill in arbitrary air pockets to offer yourself a possibility at getting additional correct responses. #2: Underline Key Words in the Questions Notwithstanding the area, underlining watchwords can assist you with ensuring you recognize what the inquiry is posing and keep away from indiscreet slip-ups. For instance, in Math, you can verify whether you ought to comprehend for x or y. In Writing, you can guarantee if an inquiry is posing to you whether a sentence ought to be included or erased. #3: Eliminate Wrong Answers While this procedure may sound self-evident, it’s imperative to utilize, particularly if you’re not promptly 100% sure of the correct answer. In Reading and Writing, there might be answer decisions that appear to be conceivable, however on the off chance that anything about the appropriate response decision isn’t right, it must be wiped out. Likewise, in Math, on the off chance that you have an unpleasant gauge of the right answer, you can dispense with any answer that isn’t near your gauge. Or then again on the off chance that you know the appropriate response is certain, you can dispose of any answer that’s a negative number. Disposing of wrong answers will expand your odds of getting addresses right and assist you with showing up at the right answer. #4: Finish With Extra Time to Recheck Your Work You should attempt to complete each area with approximately 5 minutes remaining. During the rest of the time, check any inquiries you were unsu

Meaning of my quote (please look in the details box for the quote) Essay

Which means of my statement (it would be ideal if you look in the subtleties box for the statement) - Essay Example I imagine that the association between a pioneer and the devotees depends on the otherworldly establishments. The pioneer sends messages to the devotees verbally. This is the most recognizable and effectively unmistakable type of correspondence and communication between the pioneer and the adherents. Nonetheless, there is something more to it that simply the devotees can feel and isn't clearly noticeable to the pariahs for example the enthusiastic association. Whatever a pioneer says or does leaves an impact on the devotees. The supporters are best in the situation to consent to the directions of the pioneer when they recognize what the premise of the interest from the pioneer to carry on or act with a particular goal in mind or do certain things is. All together for a person to be powerful as a pioneer, it is basic that he/she initially acquires the trust and certainty of the supporters. The pioneer achieves this by guaranteeing the devotees that on the off chance that they consent to the guidelines of the pioneer and do as he/she asks them to, he would lead them to the outcomes they need. Devotees possibly submit to the leader’s directions when they see their own advantage in doing this. The individual advantages of supporters differ contingent on what are the conditions or setting where they are following the pioneer. In an authoritative arrangement, subordinates adhere to the directions of the administration on the grounds that their wages are chosen and execution is assessed by their consistence. With regards to a nation, individuals pay charges to the administration since they are certain that this cash would be utilized to furnish them with more advantages. My statement stresses upon one primary target of initiative for example moving the devotees. There are numerous manners by which a pioneer can motivate the supporters. Various pioneers have various qualities utilizing which they motivate the supporters. For instance, certain pioneers have great vocal abilities and move the supporters through their inspirational discourses. Moreover, there are sure pioneers

Romeo and Juliet how Juliet develops through the play Essay Example For Students

Romeo and Juliet how Juliet creates through the play Essay The Elizabethan culture was male centric, implying that men were viewed as the pioneers and ladies their inferiors. Ladies were viewed as the more vulnerable sex, regarding physical quality, yet sincerely as well. It was accepted that ladies constantly required somebody to take care of them. This is the point at which our play is set so in principle Juliet ought to obey rules, however as we discover she doesn't generally comply with the times since she is a lady. All through this paper, I am going investigate the change of Juliet. The Prologue reveals to us that the sovereign is viably burning through his time even idea he doesn't have any acquaintance with it. So this shows the subject of fate, connecting to the preface: star crossd darlings. This tells the crowd that the pair of darlings are not intended to be as one even before the play begins. We know from the beginning that she is going on an excursion that will bring about her change Juliets character in the start of the story passes on that she is an extremely dutiful kid, this is represented by, Madam, I am here what is your will? This passes on that Juliet is committing herself to whatever might be asked of her. Additionally, the word Madam reveals to us that her family is of higher status in her home than others, so she is deferential and sacrificial. In this scene Juliet is likewise alluded to as a sheep: I bade her come, what sheep. This reference to a sheep implies that she is as yet youthful, it moreover shows virtue. This is significant, in light of the fact that later on in this scene they talk about marriage despite the fact that Juliet is so youthful. It likewise suggests she is still needing direction. At the point when Romeo shows up excluded at the veiled ball in act 1 scene 5, we begin to see a change; this prompts the advancement of her character since her perspectives on adoration change and, so does her character. At the point when Romeo meets Juliet, he needs to kiss her, finishing up in Juliet beginning to play with him, so she is finding out about affection: Lips that they should use in supplication. by saying this, Juliet is making a point that lips ought not be utilized in kissing. This shows she realizes what is correct, yet even this doesn't prevent her from kissing him. This shows she is getting increasingly free and following up on what she needs, instead of what any other individual needs. Her blamelessness seems, by all accounts, to be slipping as she is coy and dismisses desires for herself. At the point when Romeos eyes fall upon Juliet, she is seen as a lady and not as a young lady this is represented by As a rich gem in ethiops ear. This likeness shows that she is presently seen as a wonderful, young lady. A gem proposes she lovely and this is a quality regular of a lady and not a youngster so Shakespeare is alluding to her turn of events. This shows she is breaking the generalization as appeared in the primary scene. Her being seen as a ladies is very not the same as in the start of this play when she is perceived as a sheep, in light of the fact that a sheep spoke to her as a youngster. Toward the finish of this scene Juliet gives more indications of building up her character. We know this from her soliciting her medical attendant names from the men when they are leaving yet, this is only a sharp stunt she just needs to know the name of one individual. This shows she is breaking out of what individuals recently thought of her, a sheep, as she is being astute: a sheep isn't cunning as it as a rule follows its mom. When Juliet discovers that his name is Romeo and a Montague she shows conclusive practices. This is obvious from, My one genuine affection from my lone loathe. This shows Juliet has discovered somebody whom she cherishes, and not somebody picked. So this is another case of her getting more free than she was toward the start of the play. It additionally proposes that she is touchy and keen of the threat that may follow. .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b , .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b .postImageUrl , .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b , .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b:hover , .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b:visited , .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b:active { border:0!important; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b:active , .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } . u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8b312276c8ec9ae19a15b4e24adbf19b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: How the characters activities and relations to the occasions depicted in An Inspector Calls EssayJuliets character in act 2 scene 2 changes, because of the nearness of Romeo. As Juliet changes in this scene she shows up as being gotten between her freshly discovered indedependence and her past ward express This is outlined by Its excessively ill-advised, excessively unadvised, excessively abrupt. This catches she realizes that she is hurrying however carries on This terrible love. This shows naivety since she has understood that she is moving too rapidly, yet she proceeds with in any case. This grown-up circumstan ce is creating turmoil inside her Juliets character in the last scene indicated certainty and that she was prepared to reprove her family however this could change. Juliet changes into an alternate character in light of the fact that with her new mystery marriage with Romeo, as she needs to choose where her loyalties lie. In the start of this demonstration 4 scene 2, Juliet is prepared and holding up now she is restless and she additionally she likewise displays wants of a develop lady, this is obvious from spread close shade, love performing night. This proposes she cannot hold on to merge her marriage with Romeo, so now in the scene she cannot sit tight for him to come. This again connections to the way that she isn't a sheep any longer; she is restless and she is the one being followed. The similar sounding word usage underscores her energy and her recently discovered enthusiasm. Later on in this scene, she is befuddled on the grounds that she hears news that Romeo has executed Tybilt, here her development is tried just like her loyalties. This is represented by Beautiful despot. This ironic expression mirrors her clashing feelings towards affection and Romeo. Juliet shows that she adores Romeo and nearly favors one side yet she is in two personalities as she cherishes Romeo yet as he has done such a terrible thing a decision must be made. She is torn by his twofold nature as he seems angelical on a superficial level however clearly has the limit with regards to underhanded. This internal unrest is proof of Juliets battle to violate the limits of adolescence. In act 4 scene 5 scene Juliet conflicts with what her dad needs: in the Elizabethan time this would be viewed as off-base, this is on the grounds that at the time ladies were underneath men in this man centric culture. This implies she ought to do as she is told, in principle wedding Paris, however this transforms into a contention among Juliet and her dad. In this scene, Juliet has gone out, and the house believes that she has gone to see the Friar however she has not, she has gone to see Romeo. This is once more demonstrating that she is settling on what she needs to do as opposed to what every other person needs her to do. She controls her family into deduction she went to the Friar for absolution; this is evident from excuse I entreat you. This passes on that Juliet has become increasingly insubordinate on the grounds that not just has she deceived her dad, she is presently professing to ask for absolution, even idea she revealed to Romeo that she is set up to surrender her family for him. In any case, she is on her knees asking pardoning, so in addition to the fact that she is rebellious to her family to Romeo as well. While growing up she is confounded about where her loyalties lie, either with her family or her sweetheart. Also she is being misleading and shrewd which is in finished complexity to how she was toward the beginning. In this scene she seems frantic If all else fizzles, myself have the ability to pass on this catches Juliet is negligent, resistant and moreover shows that she thinks about herself, so she is turning out to be increasingly narcissistic. This is likewise emotional incongruity, as it will happen even idea she doesn't have the foggiest idea yet. The crowd enlists this and it makes a feeling of misery. Also in this scene the medical caretaker changes her situation on Romeo which Juliet isn't content with and she gets incredulous of the attendant and a hole between the two is apparent because of her character development: Ancient damnat

The Representation of Landscape in For the Term of His Natural Life and Such is Life - Literature Essay Samples

In a discussion of Australian writers of the late nineteenth century, Gerry Turcotte writes: â€Å"Their exploration of the anxieties of the convict system, the terrors of isolated stations at the mercy of vagrants and nature, the fear of starvation or of becoming lost in the bush, are distinctly Gothic in effect† (3). Here Turcotte highlights a tendency among late 19th-century Australian writers to use Gothic literary conventions to describe an antagonistic relationship between the Australian landscape and its early European inhabitants. That tendency can be understood more fully by means of a careful consideration of the differences between two representative works: Marcus Clarke’s For the Term of His Natural Life and Joseph Furphy’s Such is Life. For the Term of His Natural Life uses personification to portray the Australian landscape as a hostile presence, complicit in oppressing the imprisoned convicts. In contrast, Such is Life presents a more benign view o f the landscape, with its narrator finding the harshness of the Australian bush a source of enlightenment. Though the two novels were written during a similar period in Australian literature, they present two different views of the relationship between the Australian landscape and its early European settlers.Throughout Clarke’s novel, Van Diemen’s Land is described as a â€Å"natural penitentiary† with convicts and guards alike the victims of its unforgiving landscape, but this antagonism begins before they have even reached its shores. To the guards and convicts onboard the Malabar, the sea is terrifyingly human:When the sea hisses, it speaks, and speech breaks the spell of terror; when it is inert, heaving noiselessly, it is dumb, and seems to brood over mischief. (Clarke 58)The actual island is no more welcoming. At the start of Book 2, the narrator gives a long and detailed description of the landscape in a chapter titled â€Å"The Topography of Van Diemenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Land.† Included is a description of Macquarie Harbour, where the convicts will soon be imprisoned:The air is chill and moist, the soil prolific only in prickly undergrowth and noxious weeds, while fetid exhalations from swamp and fen cling close to the humid, spongy ground. All around breathes desolation; on the face of nature is stamped a perpetual frown. (Clarke 96)These two passages show Clarke’s characterization of the landscape as an antagonist. Clarke gives the sea the ability to â€Å"hiss† and â€Å"speak† and to â€Å"brood over mischief,† and he gives nature a face stamped by â€Å"a perpetual frown,† personifying the landscape as an evil and malign presence, a characterization that is distinctly Gothic in its evocation of an atmosphere of horror and dread.This landscape is particularly threatening to convicts that try to escape. That effect is shown in several episodes throughout the novel, the first being the return of th e prisoner Gabbett from â€Å"the gloomy depths of that forest which had vomited him forth again† (Clarke 110) after he and several others attempt an escape. The horrors that occur with Gabbett and the others in the forest is hinted at several times throughout the novel before being finally revealed as cannibalism toward the end of the novel in chapter 56, â€Å"The Valley of the Shadow of Death.† This episode shows the landscape reducing humanity to one of its lowest possible circumstances: people eating each other in order to survive.Dawes is reminded of the impossibility of escape during his own attempt when he discovers the mutilated corpse left behind by Gabbett:Escape was hopeless now. He never could escape; and as the unhappy man raised his despairing eyes, he saw that the sun, redly sinking behind a lofty pine which topped the opposite hill, shot a ray of crimson light into the glade below him. It was as though a bloody finger pointed at the corpse which lay th ere. (Clarke 129)Again the landscape is personified as an antagonistic presence, this time preventing Dawes from escaping. He leaves the corpse and escapes from the forest only to find that the sea, â€Å"crawling at his feet, seemed to grin at him with a thin-lipped, hungry mouth† (Clarke 130). This personification of the landscape implies that even if the convicts escape the brutalities of their guards, they will still have the equally hostile landscape to contend with. This portrayal of the landscape as an evil and antagonistic force contrasts with the portrayal of the landscape in Such is Life. Furphy’s novel, like Clarke’s, inherits several of the Romantic Period’s literary conventions, but aside from occasional exceptions, these are in the Wordsworthian tradition rather than the Gothic. To Tom, the narrator, the landscape â€Å"bespeaks an unconfined, ungauged potentiality of resource; it unveils an ideographic prophecy, painted by nature in her Im pressionist mood† (Furphy 65). Tom describes the landscape as a source of optimism: though he and the other characters struggle to survive in a drought-stricken landscape governed by property laws hostile to the needs of the common drover, this challenge is fundamental to Tom’s sense of identity. As he says in a moment of reflection while contemplating a tract of harsh scrubland on his way to visit Rory O’Halloran’s property: â€Å"It is not on our cities or townships, it is not in our agricultural or mining areas, that the Australian attains full consciousness of his own nationality; it is in places like this† (Furphy 65).So where Clarke’s characters are oppressed by a hostile landscape, Furphy’s Tom is buoyed by the beauty he sees in the natural world around him; where Tom finds contemplating the landscape to be a source of enlightenment, Clarke shows the landscape of Van Diemen’s Land reducing people to cannibalism. The two n ovels represent differing responses to the landscape from two writers of a similar period in Australian literature, but both show the influence of the literary conventions of the Romantic Period. Clarke uses a distinctly Gothic portrayal of the landscape as a hostile and brooding presence to emphasize the injustices of the convict system, while Furphy presents a Wordsworthian portrayal of a benign and spiritually enlightening landscape to show a harmonious relationship between the land and its early Australian settlers.â€Æ'ReferencesClarke, M. (2009): For the Term of His Natural Life. Camberwell, Victoria.: Penguin Group.Furphy, J. (1999): Such is Life. Ultimo, NSW.: Halstead Press.Turcotte, G. (1998): â€Å"Australian Gothic.† Retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au/artspapers/60.

The Myths Of Nuclear Power Safety - Free Essay Example

There are many myths and lies surrounding pro-nuclear power that are being made public by people who have a vested interest in the production and growth of the nuclear power industry. The myths that nuclear is a safe energy source, cost less to construct and operate, is better for the environment and has little risk of being used for terrorism all are being presented to the public from the media who are being fed these lies by the Nuclear Science Organization and nuclear power business when in fact nuclear power poses a huge safety and environmental risk to all living life forms.  Ã‚   The public has a right to be educated on the truths that surround these lies and to be educated on the subject of nuclear power.. Nuclear power plants are very complex systems which are operated by humans who can and do make mistakes such as improper maintenance leading to equipment failures and human error makes a future meltdown possible no matter how well a plant is designed. Human error can cause accidents and failures that cause safety concerns for the workers, the environment and the general public. There are also many safety concerns because of failure that result from natural disasters flooding, fires and earthquakes.   We have seen many accidents and failures of nuclear power facilities such as those in Chernobyl, Three Mile Island and Fukushima that could be avoided in the future with the discontinuation of nuclear power facilities. One of the most common myths surrounding nuclear power is that the operating costs of nuclear power stations are far less than those of a coal power station. Nuclear power and coal stations actually have similar costs in the combined expenses of operation, maintenance and fuel costs. Nuclear power plants only have a lower fuel cost but they have a higher operation and maintenance cost which operationally becomes very comparable to that of a coal power station.   New nuclear plant construction has a very high initial capital investment with an estimated construction cost upward of $9 billion per unit and most nuclear power stations have not been built within budget and most greatly exceed these budgets. The last station constructed in Finland was â€Å"3 years behind schedule and at least 1.7 billion euros over budget† (Disendorf). Another common myth with nuclear power is that very little waste is produced compared to coal power, this results in an unfair and misleading comparison. The high level nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant is uranium which contains radioactive material and is extremely hazardous to all life forms as well as the environment. The radioactive waste material is regulated by the government and must be properly contained and isolated in order to protect human life as well as the environment. Coal power does produce waste in the form of coal ash however when compared in the same amount to that of radioactive waste the coal ash has much less harmful properties and some of this wast e can be reused for things such as making concrete. When it comes to the discussion of dealing with the radioactive waste produced by the nuclear power plants one myth being reported is that the problem has been solved long term in the managing of the high level nuclear wastes. The truth is this problem has been solved in engineering theory meaning that according to science and on paper there is a solution but this problem has never actually been solved in practice of safely disposing and storing the radioactive material. â€Å"There is no long- term high-level nuclear waste dump operating in the world† (Disendorf ). The dump site on the Yucca Mountian in Nevada was shut down in 2010 under the orders of President Obama when he suspended licensing needed for this facility to operate in order to continue storing high levels of nuclear waste. The countries of Finland and Sweden are in the process of building underground dumps for nuclear waste storage which is a temporary solution because no one knows how to create facilities that can house and will be able to keep radioactive waste safe for long periods of time, the waste must be kept safe and undisturbed for at least 10,000 years. Reprocessing or recycling of the nuclear waste is an idea that has been introduced to solve the problem with storage of these waste products. Unused fuel can be recycled to make new fuel and most of the waste after the recycling process would only require a storage time of 300 years leaving only about 1% of the waste radioactive. Recycling or reprocessing the nuclear waste seems like a great plan in theory however reprocessing would be very costly and poses environmental and safety concerns. Reprocessing uses a series of chemical operations which separates the plutonium and uranium from other nuclear waste that comes from the used fuel in the nuclear power reactors.   The separated plutonium can be used to fuel reactors however the cost of the reprocessing and the use of plutonium to fuel the reactors is far more expensive than using uranium fuel and disposing of the used fuel or nuclear waste directly. Due to the prohibitive costs the U.S. decided in the late 1970’s to not reprocess the used fuel from their reactors but to dispose of the waste in an underground repository where it would need to remain isolated for at least tens of thousands of years from the environment.   A recent industry estimate showed that a reprocessing plant with a capacity of processing 2,000 metric tons of nuclear fuel waste annually would cost $20 billion to build and two of these facilities would be needed in the U.S. alone just to reprocess all of it’s nuclear fuel waste. If spent fuel is not disposed of properly it could be used for or stolen by terrorists and used for creating a nuclear weapon which causes security issues. Reprocessing would increase the risk of nuclear terrorism, very little plutonium less than 20 pounds in fact is needed to make a simple nuclear weapon. If the U.S. continues it’s practice of storing nuclear power waste the plutonium remains bound in the used fuel making it impossible to steal however when plutonium is separated it’s stored in a concentrated powder form increasing the risk of theft and terrorism. There are a few arguments surrounding the threat of nuclear weapons being produced from the waste. One argument is countries that are currently using nuclear power or pursuing the use of nuclear power have signed a treaty stating they will comply with the rules of not using their nuclear technologies toward making nuclear weapons however any country with nuclear technology needs to be considered a great risk. Security of the nuclear plants has been a large concern because many of these plants do not follow the same safety measures and protocols in the protection of the nuclear byproducts resulting in a high probability of a security breech, theft and misuse of the spent fuel. Some argue the spent fuel from the reactors of a nuclear power station does not produce weapon grade plutonium which would not be usable in making a nuclear weapon.   Nuclear bombs have been made from the reactor grade plutonium and although they are less efficient and less predictable the amount of damage is still the same, in fact the unpredictability of these weapons makes the risk greater. Another argument is the countries that have developed nuclear weapons used military facilities and not civil facilities to research and develop their weapons. The truth is many countries have used civil nuclear power plants and spent fuel to develop nuclear bombs, these countries include India, Pakistan, North Korea and currently Iran. Other countries such as the UK and France used nuclear power to add to their stocks of plutonium. The countries of Argentina, Brazil, South Korea, Libya, South Africa and Taiwan used nuclear power to begin the research and testing process for developing nuclear power but decided to dismantle their facilities. My final argument on nuclear power is safety for the environment and all living life form. Nuclear power has been called a clean source of energy and the nuclear power plants are said to not release carbon dioxide emissions. This is a deceivingly true statement. Nuclear power plants may not emit carbon dioxide during operation but every step in the nuclear fuel cycle except the actual operation of the reactors burn fossil fuels and emit carbon dioxide. Nuclear power plants use uranium ore as fuel and the mining process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the environment. There is also Carbon dioxide released into the environment when new nuclear power plants are built and in the transport of radioactive waste also causing carbon dioxide emissions. Nuclear power plants are constantly emitting radiation, though these are low levels of radiation it’s a constant emission into the environment. Studies have shown an increased rate of cancer among people who have worked in nuclear power plants and those who have lived near these nuclear power plants. â€Å"The degree of damage low levels of radiation cause to wildlife, plants and the ozone layer is not fully understood. More research is being done to determine the magnitude of effects caused by low levels of radiation in the environment.† (Kivi) Cooling systems have been put into place to keep the nuclear power reactors from overheating however these cooling systems are causing problems to the environment. Water is pulled from rivers and oceans to cool the reactors however fish are being sucked into these intake systems resulting in the death of many fish. When the water is used to cool the system it is then returned to the ocean or river from which it came but it is now roughly twenty five degrees warmer than the water was originally, the warming of the water causes a shock on the fish and plant life killing more fish. The transportation and storage of the nuclear waste poses another safety and environmental concern. Nuclear waste is often not stored onsite and requires transportation to a storage facility. The waste would be transported in large trucks and in the event of an accident or a possible leak it would cause a large radioactive spill site causing contamination to our soil and water ways. We could also see soil contamination in the even of the casks the waste is stored in leaking and with the storage needing to be maintained for a minimum of 10,000 there is no way to know if they will hold up. Even when we take human error out of the equation we will still have natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis like the ones that caused the damage and failure of the plant in Fukushima. These natural disasters resulted in major damage to the nuclear reactors causing the system leak radioactive waste releasing radioactivity into the air, soil and sea. The contamination of the area led to a large evacuation that is still in effect for many people who are displaced from their homes without an end in sight. This was a devastating event for the people of Japan as well as the sea life and has been a very costly clean up and repair process and a drain on not only the country of Japan but other countries as well.   There are also concerns about other types of natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornados and even the rise in sea level that can lead to catastrophic failures. Do the benefits of nuclear power out weigh the risks? The list of fallacies told by the nuclear power companies to the general public will continue to go on and on but the facts show that most all of their claims are lies. Many of the statements given only contain partial truths such as many environmentalists have become pro-nuclear, when in truth aside from two well know environmentalists very few prominent environmentalists are pro-nuclear. Another example of these partial truths is with the decrease in oil production we will need nuclear power as a substitute. The truth is the main sources of fuel for our electricity generation globally are coal and gas. Oil is mostly burnt for transportation so unless electric cars become used much more largely globally in our daily transportation nuclear power is irrelevant as a solution for oil conservation as we see a decline in oil production. As long as the nuclear power companies continue to be in business lies will be told and the people of the general public will have to look outside of the media in order to obtain facts and educate themselves on the hidden agenda of those in the business of seeing nuclear power succeed. The safety, cost and sustainability of nuclear power have been falsely reported on for many years because of lies fed to the media by those with a vested interest in seeing growth in the nuclear power industry. Those lies have only taken into consideration the best interest in the growth of the nuclear power business and have not considered what is in the best interest of the environment, or human life which is you the people who will be living with the consequences of their decisions.

African Authors And The African Diaspora - 1455 Words

Anglophone Literature – Long Paper 1 African Authors and the African diaspora in the Colonist Countries This paper explores and analyses the ways in which African writers portray the African diaspora living outside of Africa in the colonial nations; of which England and France would be primary examples. The primary sources for the analyses focus on the text Our Sister Killjoy by Aidoo. House of Hunger by Marechera has been used as a secondary reference. The paper presents the various reactions highlighted in the works, and then seeks to analyse and argue for possible reasons for the presented reactions, touches upon the theme of African nativism, and most importantly analyses colonial power structures that still dominate the discourse in and about Africa. The following paragraph presents some illustrations of the reactions towards the English African diaspora characterised by Aidoo’s work. There is a consistent stream of curt, judgemental remarks, almost resembling disdain, that runs through the work; criticising, and at some point, strongly condemning the African diaspora. Throughout Sissy’s travels through Europe, and particularly through England, she is critical of the conditions, choices, and lifestyles of the local African diaspora. The paper highlights and explores these instances. At certain points through her travels through England, Aidoo uses vivid remarks to describe the poverty-stricken nature of the African diaspora in London; she mentions that their shoesShow MoreRelatedExploring The Similarities And Differences Theories On Diaspora1727 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the Similarities and Differences in Theories on Diaspora Jacqueline Brown describes a conversation she had with a cousin of hers during a family reunion. She asked her cousin, who was in her sixties, to describe what her life was like as a black person living in Holland. 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Unfortunately, the trip over to the Americas caused them to lose touch with several parts of their being; native tonguesRead MorePan Africanism1731 Words   |  7 PagesPan-Africanism and the Organization of African Unity      Pan Africanism Definition Pan-Africanism is a sociopolitical worldview, and philosophy, as well as a movement, which seeks to unify both native Africans and those of the African Diaspora, as part of a global African community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan AfricanismRead MoreWhy Development Aid For Africa Has Failed876 Words   |  4 PagesFor Africa Has Failed. It is written by Kurt Gerhardt who was a journalist on German radio from 1968 until 2008. He was a Country Director for the German Development Service in Niger so has first hand experience of the problems facing impoverished African countries. Additionally Gerhardt was the founder and is the current chairman of Makaranta; an association aimed at providing education to Africa which has so far helped develop primary education initiatives in Niger and Uganda since its formation

Considerations in Casino Design Essay - 695 Words

Considerations in Casino Design â€Å" Architecture organizes and structures space for us, and its interiors and the objects enclosing and inhabiting its rooms can facilitate or inhibit our activities by the way they use this language†(Lawson pg.6). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Casinos are tough and competitive markets that strive to out do one another in promotions, amenities and overall design. A critical analysis of the considerations taken when designing a casino can be broken down into the theoretical forces of psychology, that include motivational, cognitive, perceptual and social influences. In this examination I will determine the aspects of design that should be taken into account to create a successful operation. â€Å" Casinos are†¦show more content†¦By providing them with twenty-four hour services and amenities, casino operators create a sensation for the patrons that the days spent in the casino feel as if you stepped out of normal time. â€Å"The geographic location of a casino is a huge consideration† (Lewis pg. 1). Demographics, travel patterns and nearby competition play a significant part in casino design. â€Å" Most people in North America live within a day’s drive of one or more gaming areas† (Lewis pg. 1), so in order to attract people to the casino there must be something other than the gaming floor to draw them in. Many amenity and non-gaming attractions must be considered in order to really stand out. The casino must design strong support facilities, a hotel that can accommodate as many players as it can afford, a parking system for the traveling patrons, non-gambling facilities for families and it must be an inviting space. In order for a casino to be successful they must establish their target audience. Based on the proximity of neighboring casinos and the owner’s intentions for their ideal gaming facility, the criteria can be ascertained and implemented for a certain theme. Many casinos have found that themed areas and designs are very successful and draw in target markets. 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A Feminist Interpretation of Bram Stokers Dracula Essay

In his Literary Theory: The Basics, H. Bertens classifies stereotypes of women in literature into a number of categories; dangerous seductress, self-sacrificing angel, dissatisfied shrew, and defenseless lamb, completely incapable of self-sufficiency, or self-control, and dependent on male intervention. Bertens concludes that the primary objective of these women – or â€Å"constructions† – is to serve a â€Å"not-so-hidden purpose: the continued cultural and social domination of males†. One such novel that came under feminist scrutiny for these particular reasons was Bram Stoker’s Dracula, although this perlustration didn’t occur until 70 years after Stoker originally penned his masterpiece. However, during the mid-1960s, the rise of the feminist†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it becomes quite obvious that Dracula’s wives are never really considered as â€Å"beings† but rather objects; the objectification of women was one of the main criticisms that arose from a feminist analysis of many popular texts like Dracula. Arguably, Dracula’s wives are guilty of another of Bertens’ proposed stereotypes, that of utter dependence on man. They rely on Count Dracula to bring them their food, and therefore without him they would presumably die. This seems to reflect the well-established idea of public and private â€Å"spheres† that pervaded so much of Victorian domestic life. In this system, the woman was effectively condemned to the role of homemaker, while the man became the breadwinner. The inability of Dracula’s wives to resist feeding on Jonathan when he falls asleep in the study could also reflect on the – once again, Victorian idea – that women were too hysterical and so inept at keeping control of themselves that they were unfit for a vast range of careers. However, while Stoker does indubitably include these stereotypes in his work, it does not necessarily mean that he agrees with them. For example, after Lucy’s conversion, she proves herself to be just as able as Dracula to steal and feed on infants in the dead of night, in a reasonably discrete fashion. Through this, Stoker could be implying that he is satisfactorily aware of perceived stereotypes regarding women, but is choosing to contend with popular opinion byShow MoreRelatedLiterary Review of Bram Stokers Dracula Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesReview of Bram Stoker’s Dracula Prior to the creation of the literary classic â€Å"Dracula†, Bram Stoker spent his time managing the Lyceum Theatre and legendary actor Henry Irving. According to Jennifer Dorn, when the novel was first published in 1897, critics regarded it as a â€Å"pulp fiction potboiler† (Dorn). The novels declaration as a literary masterpiece came many years later. A graduate of Trinity college, Stoker came from a middle class Irish family, the son of a civil servant. The publicationRead MoreVampires : Myth And Metaphors Of Enduring Evil, By Bram Stoker1307 Words   |  6 Pages Feminism was frowned upon because of the social and sexual standards of the era. Therefore, Bram Stoker withholds his opinions of feminism in Dracula, because it is something that should not be discussed. Society did not approve of female sexuality in particular because it encouraged the new women. The new woman was a term used to characterize what women would become with a feminist mindset. In Dracula , Mina mentions the new women and says, â€Å"I believe we should have shocked the New Woman withRead MoreVictorian Women And Feminism In Bram Stokers Dracula1979 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Monstrous women do not adhere to standards† (Swartz-Levine). The late Victorian era demonstrates the unfamiliar social shift in society. Depictions of traditional Victorian woman’s standards can be seen as sexist, as the new crowd of feminist emerges. Feminism explores the double standard of projecting sexual desires to society, however, the women who accompanied these uncommon ideas, were often seen as some sort of monster. From this, anxiety was displaced around women who seeked sexuality as itRead More Sex and Sexuality in Dracula Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesBram Stokers novel Dracula, published in 1897, explores various sexual erotic possibilities in the vampires embrace, as discussed by Leonard Wolf. The novel confronts Victorian fears of homosexuality; that were current at the time due to the trial of playwright Oscar Wilde. The vampires embrace could also be interpreted as an illustration of Victorian fears of the changing role of women. Therefore it is important to consider: the historical context of the novel; the Victorian notion of the `NewRead MoreDracula And The New Woman1992 Words   |  8 PagesDracula and the New Woman In the Victorian era, women were viewed as subordinate to men. They often had one job: reproduction. They would become housewives and cater to their husband and children’s needs. As the era progressed, so did the role of women. The once shy women were now changing into courageous and outspoken members of society. These women were open about their sexuality and embraced their intelligence. This new found independence was a turning moment in history and was given the nameRead MoreEssay on The Bloody Chamber3593 Words   |  15 Pages‘The role of women in the gothic genre is as victims always subjected to male authority’, compare and contrast to which this interpretation is relevant to your three chosen texts. By Kristina Addis Within My Last Duchess, The Bloody Chamber and Dracula, there is evidence to suggest that women within the gothic genre as portrayed as victims of male authority, as well as evidence to disprove this argument, instead suggesting that it is the women within the Gothic genre which makes themselvesRead MoreThe Vampire Is Not A New Manifestation Of The Fears Of A Society1815 Words   |  8 Pagesrepresentations of the creature in literature date back to the English poetry of the early 1700s, and were then followed in the fiction genre by such works as John William Polidori’s The Vampyre, Sheridan Le Fanu’s Carmilla, and of course, Bram Stoker’s Dracula. For the audiences of the 18th century, vampires embodied many of the following common fears shared between the people: of illness, both mental and epidemic, of an embraced sexuality, particularly that of women’s and homosexuals’, and of foreigners

Health Issues in Gerontological Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Health Issues in Gerontological Nursing. Answer: Overall decline in function, cognitive impairment, aging-associated chronic diseases and poor balance are the major reasons of falls in the elderly. The road to recovery due to falls among the elderly ?65 years of age is difficult and ridden with problems is a significant burden on the health and social care facilities. The economic and man power costs are huge and avoidable to some extent. Therefore special focus is required on the prevention of falls. Identification of the factors that make the elderly vulnerable to falls and the treatment of co-morbidities that heighten the risk of falls can reduce the incidence of falls among the elderly. From minor injuries to major injuries, such as, fractures that require surgeries and physical rehabilitation or traumatic brain injury that can be fatal, falls my require intensive medical treatment for several weeks or months. Some patients may remain disabled and become dependent on care givers. The psychological impact of falls can also make the elderly hesitant in moving out and this can lower their quality of life. Fall prevention programs focus on minimising injury and improving balance. Improvement in balance is usually brought about by exercise programs. Nursing staff has to be more cautious in dealing with patients in the geriatric ward. They can play an important role in counselling patients and their care givers on ways to prevent further falls t the time of discharge. Precaution is usually the key factor. The economic burden of treating fall related injuries among the elderly is considerable. Longer hospital stays strain the health and social care resources, so prevention of falls is key to their management. As people age beyond 65, the propensity to fall may increase due to lack of balance when performing everyday tasks, due to frailty or some other health concern that has occurred as a result of aging. A fall can result in injury and fractures that can lead to orthopaedic surgeries and require hospital stays and physiotherapy. According to available statistics about 30% of people aged over 65 years of age have experienced a fall. One in 10 falls results in a fracture and one in 5 falls requires some medical intervention(Gillespie, et al., 2012). In hospitals 1.3 to 8.9 falls are reported for 1000 bed days. This amounts to about 1000 falls a year in a large hospital. Wards that specialize in geriatrics, neurology and rehabilitation are more likely to report falls. Although, on the whole, the several incidents of fall go unnoticed, many due to poor recall by elderly patients(Miake-Lye, Hempel, Ganz, Shekelle, 2013). A study reports that 60.2% of reported falls among the elderly occur at home while 21.7% falls are reported from residential institutions (Faul, et al., 2016). Not only do falls prolong the stay of elderly patients in hospitals, costs incurred from falls increase the health care expenditure by 0.85% to 1.5% according to estimates in the United States, the European Union, Australia and United Kingdom (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015). It is estimated that exercise-based fall prevention exercise programs in the elderly who have experienced a fall can reduce the incidence of falls by about 42% (Gawler, et al., 2016). The impact of falls on the elderly can vary from minor injuries that cause pain, require an ice pack, wound dressing, limb elevation, pain medication and other medications to more severe injuries. Moderate impact of a fall could require suturing or splintering. Major injuries following a fall may include surgery, traction or casting. Some injuries may need a neurologic exam due to altered level of consciousness. Physical restraint may also result following a fall incident. The most severe impact of fall is that it might cause a fatality (Shorr, et al., 2012). The severity of the injury affects the quality of life of the patient. The ability to self-care declines among the elderly on experiencing fall. Their ability to participate in social and physical activities is compromised. About 20% to 39% people may develop a fear of falling which further reduces their quality of life and they begin to exercise restraint on movement (Phelan, Mahoney, Voit, Stevens, 2015). Rate of injury is hi gher for people who are more aged. The impact of falls is not confined to physical suffering but results in considerable mental agony. Due to the fear of fall the elderly restrict their ambulatory movements and this causes them distress. Many of them feel depressed. They begin to lose social contacts and tend to remain isolated which adds to their sense of misery. The loss of confidence makes them dependent on family members or the nursing staff for even small movements, from the bed to chair, or from one room to another. Traumatic brain injury among the elderly is caused due to falls in 51% of the cases among the elderly and can even be fatal in several cases. Hailing from an ethnic minority and being male heightens risk of traumatic brain injury. Age- related co-morbidities often play a role in increasing the risk of falls and subsequent brain injury in the elderly (Thompson, McCormick, Kagan, 2006). The impact of falls and injuries on the health care system is considerable. The cost of treatment of injuries is high and it prolongs the hospital stay of the patient. According to one study an average expenditure of $13,316 is incurred on treatment of the severe injuries and the patients who suffered from a fall injury were likely to stay in the hospital for a duration of 6.3 days more than the control group(Wong, et al., 2011). Operational costs incurred are higher for hospitals due to incidents of fall. An Australian study points out that the injuries incurred as a result of falls during the hospital stay caused the length of hospital stay to increase by 8 days and the hospital costs were an additional $6669. Additional costs incurred by the hospital were mean of $4727 per case of fall injury (Morello, et al., 2015). This necessitates the prevention of fall prevention program and minimising injury during a fall. The burden of the fall related injuries on the health and social care systems is immense due to the increase in the demand for the man hours of work required by the care giving and nursing staff. Several factors contribute to the falls in the elderly. The elderly who live alone are more likely to experience fall than those who live with other family members or are living in a community for the elderly or residential care facility. Some of the elderly who are using a lower limb prosthesis or other assistive devices are also more likely to fall. Environmental factors that can contribute to a fall include a cluttered living space, weather conditions that cause wet floors or deposition of ice on the walking surface. Dim lighting of the residential spaces can cause falls. If the flooring material in the bath or the shower is not the anti-skid variety, falls due to slipping can occur. If the living space is new and the environment is unfamiliar the elderly are likely to falter while moving or collide with unfamiliar objects when moving. If the space is dimly lit, the likelihood of falls is increased because obstructions cannot be seen by the elderly whose vision may be failing and weak eye sight is a common problem with the elderly. Feet, footwear and walking sticks may get entangled in throw rugs in the living area increasing the risk of falls. Use of alcohol or drugs can increase the risk of falls among the elderly. Physiological factors that increase the propensity to fall include acute illness, drastic alterations in blood sugar levels, weakness due to anaemia, arthritis, less strength in the lower limbs, problems with foot health can cause reduced grip and a difficult gait. An episode of diarrhoea can render the elderly weak and prone to falls. Many elderly feel faint when trying to extend or turn the neck. They have difficulties with hearing, poor balance, general physical mobility is compromised and they may be suffering from incontinence. Urinary urgency may cause them to rush with movement causing a fall. Insomnia may compromise their level of alertness when walking, neuropathy, postoperative recuperation and orthostatic hypotension, visual difficulties and change in cognitive functions are factors that heighten the risk of falls. Obesity, elevated abdominal perimeter, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and dizziness when walking add to the risk of falling. Vitamin D deficiency, frailt y, and metabolic syndrome are also contributing factors (Sousa, et al., 2016). Psychological factors, such as, fear of falling, depression and anxiety play a role in making the elderly prone to falls. Socio-economic factors, such as, lack of education, low economic status and belonging to a black or an ethnic minority can contribute to the chances of a fall. At times the elderly have difficulty using public transport systems and this can put them at a high risk (Kumar A, 2014). Difficulty in rising from a chair without support makes the elderly falter. A general decline in mobility is often observed. The elderly with fear of falling and sensory decline are reported to be 5 times more likely to fall (Viljanen, et al., 2012). Fear of falls leads to self imposed restriction of physical activity among the elderly and decreases their quality of life considerably (Allison, Painter, Emory, Whitehurst, Raby, 2013). Low confidence due to lack of balance and improper pain rehabilitation cont ribute to increased fear of fall in the elderly. Alleviation of pain therapy may help them to reduce the fear of falls (Stubbs, West, Patchay, Schofield, 2014). Prevention strategies aimed at reducing falls include exercises that improve balance and allow the elderly to move within their surroundings. But more research is required to determine the kind of exercise, the duration of workout and the type of exercise that will suit the individual needs of a patient. Tai Chi is known to improve balance among the elderly (El-Khoury, Cassou, Charles, Dargent-Molina, 2013). A fall prevention program aims to reduce the environmental hazards and provision of training paths. Use of walking stick, support rails wherever possible can help them to remain mobile and reduce the risk of falls. Use of bedrails, alarm devices that track movement, increased assistance, low beds, provision of hip protectors, calcium and vitamin D supplements and fall assessment are strategies that help in prevention of falls. Depending on the needs of the patient group or solitary exercises are planned. In a South Korean study a comparison was made between functional walking ex ercise and exercises that focus on in-balance based on Tai Chi, it was found that fewer falls were reported by the group that performed Ti Chi based exercises. But frailty accounted for increase in the possibility of a fall (Faber, Bosscher, Chin A Paw, van Wieringen, 2006). Fall prevention programs have been designed to include advice for individuals, information leaflets, regular home visits and an exercise program. Compared to the control group, the group that received a multifactorial fall prevention intervention reported a significant reduction in the number of falls (Prula LA, et al., 2012). The importance of exercise alone has been found to be more effective than a multifactorial intervention by two studies that involved the elderly living in community dwellings (Petridou, et al., 2009; Kuptniratsaikul, et al., 2011). Inclusion of balancing exercises in the fall prevention program has been found to lower the incidence of falls in persons who have experienced falls earlier an d has improved the overall quality of life in the elderly (Kuptniratsaikul, et al., 2011). In the light of the above studies, a nurse should ensure that the patient enrols in an exercise program after discharge from the hospital. Weekly follow-ups will ensure that the patient adheres to the prescribed program. The use of walking sticks and holding rails will help the patient to remain mobile and improve self-efficacy. The treatment of pain can increase the confidence of the elderly and their fear of fall can be managed to some extent and help them to engage in physical activity with greater confidence and improve their overall quality of life. Pain rehabilitation forms an important aspect of fall prevention in the elderly. In conclusion, falls among the elderly are a preventable malady. The physical, psychological and financial burden of falls on the patients and their families is immense. Falls can result in minor injuries, moderate injuries and result in fractures. Hip fractures are a common outcome of falls and require surgery and a long stay in the hospital. Cluttered living environments with poor light can increase the risk of falls. The general physical and psychological health of the patient are important contributors to the possibility of fall related injuries among the aged. Poor balance can be improved with exercise, the efficacy of Tai Ichi is proven in improving balance. Socio-economic factors and the quality of dwelling can affect the chances of fall. Most of the elderly who have experienced fall suffer from the falling and restrict physical mobility and compromise their quality of life. Many among the elderly remain depressed due to the fear of falling. It is the responsibility of a nurse to counsel patients at the time of discharge and educate them about fall prevention. References Allison, L., Painter, J., Emory, A., Whitehurst, P., Raby, A. (2013). Participation restriction, not fear of falling, predicts actual balance and mobility abilities in rural community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 36(1):13-23. Cangany, M., Back, D., Hamilton-Kelly, T., Altman, M., Lacey, S. (2015). Bedside nurses leading the way for falls prevention: an evidence-based approach. Critical Care Nurse, 35(2):82-4. El-Khoury, F., Cassou, B., Charles, M., Dargent-Molina, P. (2013). The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 347, f6234. Faber, M., Bosscher, R., Chin A Paw, M., van Wieringen, P. (2006). Effects of exercise programs on falls and mobility in frail and pre-frail older adults: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87(7), 885-96. Faul, M., Stevens, J., Sasser, S., Alee, L., Deokar, A., Kuhls, D., Burke, P. (2016). Older Adult Falls Seen by Emergency Medical Service Providers: A Prevention Opportunity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(6):719-26. Gawler, S., Skelton, D., Dinan-Young, S., Masud, T., Morris, R., Griffin, M., . . . team., P. (2016). Reducing falls among older people in general practice: The ProAct65+ exercise intervention trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 67:46-54. Gillespie, L., Robertson, M., Gillespie, W., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L., Lamb, S. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. The Cochrane database of Systematic Reviews, 12(9), 12;(9):CD007146. Kumar A, C. H. (2014). Which factors are associated with fear of falling in community-dwelling older people? Age Ageing, 43(1):76-84. Kuptniratsaikul, V., Praditsuwan, R., Assantachai, P., Ploypetch, T., Udompunturak, S., Pooliam, J. (2011). Effectiveness of simple balancing training program in elderly patients with history of frequent falls. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 6, 111-117. Miake-Lye, I., Hempel, S., Ganz, D., Shekelle, P. (2013). Making Health Care Safer II: An Updated Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Patient Safety Practices. Morello, R., Barker, A., Watts, J., Haines, T., Zavarsek, S., Hill, K., . . . Stoelwinder, J. (2015). The extra resource burden of in-hospital falls: a cost of falls study. The Medical Journal of Australia, 203(9):367. Prula LA, V.-F. F., Rodrguez, V., Ruiz-Moral, R., Fernndez, J., Gonzlez, J., Prula, C., . . . Group., E. S. (2012). Effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention program to reduce falls incidence among community-living older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(10), 1677-84. Petridou, E., Manti, E., Ntinapogias, A., Negri, E., Szczerbinska, K. (2009). What works better for community-dwelling older people at risk to fall?: a meta-analysis of multifactorial versus physical exercise-alone interventions. Journal of Aging and Health, 21(5), 713-29. Phelan, E., Mahoney, J., Voit, J., Stevens, J. (2015). Assessment and Management of Fall Risk in Primary Care Settings. Medical Clinics of North America, 99(2): 281293. Shorr, R., Chandler, A., Mion, L., Waters, T., Liu, M., Daniels, M., . . . Miller, S. (2012). Effects of an Intervention to Increase Bed Alarm Use to Prevent Falls in Hospitalized Patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157(10): 692699. Sousa, M.-V. L., Caldevilla, C., Henriques, M., Severino, C., Pedro, S., Alves, S. (2016). Risk for falls among community-dwelling older people: systematic literature review . Revista Gacha de Enfermagem, 37(4), e55030. Stubbs, B., West, E., Patchay, S., Schofield, P. (2014). Is there a relationship between pain and psychological concerns related to falling in community dwelling older adults? A systematic review. Disability and rehabilitation, 36(23):1931-42. Thompson, H., McCormick, W., Kagan, S. (2006). Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Future Implications. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 54(10): 15901595. Viljanen, A., Kulmala, J., Rantakokko, M., Koskenvuo, M., Kaprio, J., Rantanen, T. (2012). Fear of falling and coexisting sensory difficulties as predictors of mobility decline in older women. Journal of Gerontology, 67(11):1230-7. Wong, C., Recktenwald, A., Jones, M., Waterman, B., Bollini, M., Dunagan, W. (2011). The cost of serious fall-related injuries at three Midwestern hospitals. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 37(2):81-7.

Medication Error free essay sample

Providing care for the patient is the responsibility of nurses. Nurses are the one who are close with patients. They are responsible and accountable to make sure that the treatments and needs of patient are fulfilled. Medication administration is a part of the nurses’ responsibility in order to make sure clients get the correct medication as supposed. Medication administration error is a universal health care concern. Thus the strategy in improving medication administration system is important to enhance safety. The administration of medication by nurses is the final step in a process that involves multiple steps carried out by a number of health professionals (medical practitioners, pharmacists and registered nurses). The accuracy, efficiency and safety of administration of medications rest primarily with nurses. Administer medication is the most common activities that cause errors, in part because of the finding of new medical devices and new drug products that available to fulfill the demand in health care setting. We will write a custom essay sample on Medication Error or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus to prevent medication administration error, six rights should be main concern for the nurses in giving medication. There are many type of medical error that leads to injury and may jeopardize patient’s safety. According to Hughes and Ortiz (2005) the most common type of medical error that happen universally is medication error. Senior citizens are at the highest risk of being affected by this type of errors, since they are the largest consumers of medication (New Tech Media, 2006). However, this is especially true in regards to medication errors.

International Trade and the Environment Essay Example

International Trade and the Environment Paper Theworlds economies are Integrated through trade and capital mobility. Should environmental regulations be made more uniform in response to such global Integration ? Economists say not always, asserting that time and resources may be better spent defining and carrying out sound domestic environ mental policy. Environmentalists caution that free trade can be synonymous with sustainable development only if, inthe case of natural resources, environmental costs are internalized through such mechanisms as taxes and tradable pollution permits. The debate covers a wide range of issues-from pollution havens to the politi cal economy of trade in the west to the role of investment and technological change. To shed light on these issues, the World Bank hosted an international conference. Here are the main points emerging from the proceedings : The effects of growth and trade li beralization on environmental quality are ambiguous. But where appropriate envi ronmental policies are in place, where growth is associated with environmentally friendly technological change, or where trade liberalization reduces environmen tally destructive economic distortions or increases productive efficiency, the effects of increased growth on the environment are likely to be positive. Pollution intensity per capita appears to fall as income rises, but evidence of the relationship presented at the conference was based on industrial toxic emissions data, which reflect changes in economic structure (compositional effects) and not  the toxic intensity of manufacturing output. Toxic emissions continue to rise world wide. Fast-growing economies with liberal trade policies (such as Chile) have experi enced less pollution-intensive growth than closed economies (such as Bolivia and El Salvador). Again, this is a compositional effect. But the contrast between open and closed economies may be even more pro nounced if the relative toxic intensities within industry were taken Into account. There Is some evidence from the United States that when interest groups link demands for protection from import competition to environmental arguments, they enjoy a higher success rate in secur ing trade restrictions. The economic con sequences of this kind of strategy are gen erally unfavorable and the environmental effects at best uncertain. One example is a proposed amendment to the Clean AirAct that would have banned imports of elec tricity from Canadian power plants that did not meet new U.S. environmental stand ards (and that would have protected U.S. plants subject to less stringent rules). Pollution abatement and control ex penditures by firms do not appear to have had a significant effect on competitiveness in most industries, since these expendi tures represent a modest share of total costs. This suggests that national differ ences in environmental regulations have not been a major explanatory factor in the changing International location patterns of dirty industries. Moreever, rising costs of compliance with environmental standards tend to affect most countries. Dirty industries have expanded faster in developing countries than the av erage rate for all industries pber the past two decades and faster than in industrial countries. It is uncertain, however, whether this International pattern merely reflects growth or industrial migration as well.. It seems that firms have good rea son not to transfer dirtier technologies to lower-income countries when they invest in these countries. Evidence from the wood pulp industry shows that the rate of clean technology adoption and diffusion is higher in open economies than in closed ones. Trade Policy and Environmental Objec tives. We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and the Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A key issues in environmental eco nomics is how best to protect the environ ment. Through command-and-control in terventions, such as trade restrictions and the use of pollution abatement funds ? Or through market-based solutions, such as industrial recycling and the diffusion of clean technology ? The tradition of direct control has dominated environmental policy in indus trial countries. Governments prefer direct commahd-and-control measures for sev eral reasons, according to Patrik Low and Raed Safadi. Regulation generally ensures more predictable outcomes. It assums the public of the governments commitment to environmental quality. And it provides public authorities with discretionary au thority over polluters. For these reasons, the shift to more more economically effi cient market interventions Is likely to be gradual, even in countries with the highest environmental standards. (Such marketbased policy alternatives have been re garded as an option only quite recently.) In comparing environmental and trade regulations across countries, most economists assume that the capacities to absorb emissions and other concentrations of pollutants vary and that social priorities differ. Differences in absorptive capacities give rise to a different structure of costs and benefits from pollution abatement and control activities and probably influence ^optimal resource depletion rates. Different social priorities (or discount rates) simply reflect the fact that not all societies em brace Identical environmental objectives. These two propositions may seem obvious and unexceptionable to econo mists,who thinkinterms ofscarcity, choice, and opportunity cost. But they are not so obvious to those who are tempted to assign an, infinite value to the environment. Differences in absorptive capacities and social preferences, allow the environ ment to be treated as an endowment or as a factor of production that is part of a country;s comparative advantage. Accord ing to Low and Safadi, it follows that envi ronmental standards and pollution abate ment and control activities will differ across countries, and there Is no valid, presump tion infavor of uniformityor harmonization. Harmonization ? Wide support exists in the environ mental community for unified action on the environment by all countries. The harmo nization of environmental standards would permitdirectcontrolof environmentalpolicy internationally, and as Nemat Shafik puts it, Harmony in environmental standards allows the imposition of extemal prefer ences without the disharmony of gunboat diplomacy. As already noted, differing absorptive capacities and social discount rates argue against uniformity as an inter national environmental pollicy goal. In considering such a goal, a distrinction must be made between prod uct standard and process standards. Product standars (relating to externalities in consumption) need to be enforced in the consuming jurisdiction irrespective of the source of the product. This means that harmonization occurs, at least for goods from all sources in a given market, al though not necessarily for those goods in all markets. Process standards (externali ties in production), however, should generally be specific to the location of pro duction. While calls for the harmonization of process standards are sometimes seen by economists as intrinsically protectionist, environmentalists disagree. Stewart Hud son asserts that such standards are In creasingly important, since they account for the life cycle of a product, beginning, with the extraction of natural resources and including the environmental ramifica tions of transport, marketing, packaging, consumption, and disposal. In sum, differences in environmen tal policy whether in standards or in en forcement capacities may not significantly affect a countrys advantage over a com peting trade partner. However, more re search is required. Even ifthe cost advan tages from these national differences are significant, this is no clear case for equaliz ing costs-or for the harmonization of standards. Growth, Trade, and Environmental Quality An important question, clearly in need of research, relates to the more dy namic aspects of the relationship between growth and trade liberalization on the one hand and environmental quality on the other. Discussing the links between growth and the environment in general terms, Marian Radetzki argues that increasing levels of economic activity are linked to improved environmental conditions. Ex plaining this relationship, he identifies as key factors the high income elasticity of demand for environmental quality, compositional shifts toward cleaner envi ronmental activities at higher income lev els, and the extension of property rights combined with the development of policies to deal with common global externalities in industrial countries. From a policy perspective, evidence that the pollutiori internsity/growth rela tionship goes the right way argues strongly  agains the adoption of antigrowth policies. Policies that factor in environmental exter nalities may well raise costs and reduce output clearly preferable to an uncritical pursuit of growth at any price. But adopting such an approach should be a matter of adjusting relative prices to reflect social costs and benefits, not of inveighing against increased economic activity because it carries environmental costs and consumes scarce resources. And once environmen tal policy interventions are contemplated, making the choice between more and less efficient alternatives becomes important from a welfare perspective, particularly when absolute pollution continues to rise and environmental crises occur. Ramon Lopez is less sanguine than many other economists about the extent to which technical progress can^ mitigate the environmental costs of increasing ,eco nomic activity, including that from trade liberalization. He presents a formal model that distingushes between growth with feedback effects (where pollution or re source depletion affects future production) and growth based simply on factor expan sion (where todays polluting activities do not affect tomorrows output). In the first case, there is an incentive to invest in the resource stock to protect its future value and so resource degradation or pollution may decrease with growth, particularly if appropriate ownership incentives are present. Where growth results simply from factor expansion with no allowance for technological change, the only way pollu tion can be reduced is through a reduction in output. Whither dirty Industries ? The intensity of pullution is beginr ning to level off In industrialcountries and is increasing in developing countries. Robert Lucas and others relate data on toxic emissions from the United States to cross-country manufacturing output and find that the intensity of emissions grew rapidly In developing countries during the  1970s and 1980s. So, dirty industries have certainly moved into developing countries, but have they migrated form industrial countries ? Increased toxic Intensity In de veloping countries may merely reflect dis persion, or industrial expansion, ratherthan migration. The toxic intensity of output declines as incomes rise only because the share of manufacturing in total output declines be yond a certain level of income. This is a compositional effect. There is no evidence that industry has left industrial countries. Neither is it apparent whether industries have chosen to locate in developing coun tries, rather than industrial countries, be cause of more lenient environmental regu lation. Patrick Low and Alexander Yeats use trade flow data as a proxy for shifts in the pattern of international industrial loca tion to examine how much dirty industries have migrated to developing countries over the past two decades. They identify 43 dirty industries based on the assumption that the higher the expenditures on pollu tion abatement and control, the dirtier an Industry. Trade data show that the share of dirty industry trade in total trade declined between 1965 and 1988, largely as a result of trends in industrial countries in the ex ports of many developing countries in creased. Low and Yeats supplemented that analysis with an examination of the re vealed comparative advantage (RCA) of 109 countries in the dirty industries. The RCA index measures whether the. share on a product in a countrys manufactured exports is proportionately larger than the share of that product in world trade in manufactures. If it is, the country is said to have a revealed comparative advantage in that product. Applying this Index to dirty industries showed a disproportionately large increase in the number of develop ing, countries with RCAs In most of the polluting industries. The rate at which de veloping countries acquired RCAs in dirty  industries in the period under study was four times greater than that of industrial countries and faster than the developing country average for all Industries. The faster, growth of dirty industries in lower-income countries may relate to such considerations as relative labor costs or natural resource endowments. Another possible explanation isthat particular kinds of industries, which happen to be relatively dirty, predominate in early stages of indus trial development. An issue in need of further research is whether firms that locate in low-income countries are dirtier than they would be If they located in industrial countries. Firms may wish to eschew this strategy even in it appeared that differences in environmen tal regulation offered a competitive advan tage. Reasons include fearof liabilityin the event of an environmental accident, the risk to a firms reputation from an environ mental scandal, the demends of consum ers (green consumerism) in export mar kets, anticipation of more stringent local environmental standards, and the relatively high costs of retrofitting aging capital equipment rather than starting out with top-of-the-line technology. Another is the cost of unbundling technology, such as the expense of shifting from cleaner produc tion processes to older, dirtier ones. processes to older, dirtier ones. Nancy Birdsall and David Wheeler show that dirtier industries tend to be lo cated in less open economies in Latin America. If economies with open trade re gimes attract more foreign investment than closed ones, these technological factors †¢are likely to be at work to a greater degree in the open economies. So, there may be an even stronger casse from an environ mental perspective for promoting liberal trading arrangements in developing coun tries than suggested by the industry compositon data alone. Birdsall and Wheeler presentsome anecdotal evidence from Chile of the positive link between openness and the transfer of environmen tally clean technology. International cooperation and the envi ronment. Looking at various aspects of inter national cooperation, Low and Safadi ar gue that trying to coerce countries into adopting particular environmental policies on the basis of unilateral objectives is un likely to raise environmental quality. Where punitive trade vestriction are involved, the costs of inefficiency associated with inap propriate interventions must also be con sidered. Environmental targets are more likely to be attained through cooperative arrangements that involve Incentives than through those that involve threats. Analyzing alternative policy ap proaches to dealing with international en vironmental externalities,. Ishac Diwanand Nemat Shafik demonstrate how, in a situa tion of less than perfectly functioning mar kets for capital and emissions, the opening of one market and not the other may lead to a harmful environmental outcome. This is an application ofthe theory ofthe second best. Diwan and Safik also establish the case for compensation, especially where industrial and developing country environ mental priorities differ, and where devel oping countries are expected to respond to industrial country concerns. While in dustrial countries worry about such issues as climate change and biodiversity, deve loping countries are much more preoccu pied with domestic problems such as health and local pollution. Making a careful analysis of alterna tive compensatory mechanisms, Diwan and Shafik look at current cash transfers, debtfornature swaps, technology transfers, and sanctions for nature (this is retaliatory or conditional ratherthan compensatory). The  only one of these mechanisms that is not accompanted by adverse side effects Is the transfer of clean or pollution-reducing technology. Under the assumptions of the model developed by Diwan and Shafik, the negative effects of inappropriate com pensatory menchanisms can be significant. This analysis stresses the importance of making efficient choice one a policy course has beeen decided on. Piritta Sorsa examines howthe rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) deal with environmental Is sues. She explores the GAIT rules on border adjustments (nondiscrimlnation and national treatment), public policy excep tions, the standards codes, and rules on dumping, subsidies, .and countervailing duties. Sorsa concludes that, since trade itself is rarely the source of an environ mental problem, there Is little sense in using trade policy to address such prob lems. It seems that the GATT poses little threat to the pursuit of legitimate environmetnal objectives (in contrast to hidden protection). At most, the GATT may be in need of a little clarification, as with the rules on border adjustments, where an Incentive is provided for the suboptimal use of envi ronmental taxes. According to Stewart Hudson, one approach would be for the GATTand other international agreements and protocols to make reforms in anticipation of the trrend among nations to adopt process standards and trade measures that affect both natu ral resources and. manufactured goods. Rather than fight the tide, GATT and trade negotiators should work on how to avoid the use of process standards as protec tionist devices.